What treaty recognized U.S. independence and defined its boundaries?

The 1783 Treaty of Paris is the correct answer because it was the formal agreement that ended the American Revolutionary War and recognized the sovereignty of the United States. The treaty was signed by representatives of Great Britain and the United States, effectively acknowledging the colonies' independence after years of conflict. In addition to recognizing independence, the treaty also delineated the new nation's boundaries, establishing the United States' borders from the Atlantic Ocean to the Mississippi River and from Canada to Florida.

The other treaties mentioned do not pertain to U.S. independence or its territorial limits. The 1789 Treaty of Versailles was related to the end of the French Revolution and the subsequent peace with France, not the American struggle for independence. The 1787 Treaty of Ghent was concluded at the end of the War of 1812, while the 1776 Treaty of London—with which Great Britain and the American colonies attempted to reconcile prior to the full-blown war—does not exist; the colonies declared independence in the Declaration of Independence in 1776, but no formal treaty recognizing it was made until the Treaty of Paris. Therefore, the 1783 Treaty of Paris is the pivotal document that established both U.S. independence and its geographical boundaries.