What did the term "moral commonwealth" refer to in John Winthrop's vision?

The term "moral commonwealth" in John Winthrop's vision refers to a community governed by virtue and shared values. Winthrop, a key figure among the early Puritan settlers in New England, articulated this vision in order to establish a society that prioritized the collective good over individual interests. He believed that a truly righteous community would thrive by adhering to moral principles and a sense of mutual responsibility among its members, illustrating the idea that the health of the whole community relies on the ethical conduct and cooperation of its individuals.

This concept reflects the Puritan belief in the importance of a covenant, not just with God, but among people themselves, where they are bound to aid one another and create a harmonious society reflective of their religious ideals. It contrasts sharply with the notion of individualism, which would prioritize personal success and interests above communal values, and with a secular government, where religious morals would not play a significant role in governance. By emphasizing shared moral values, Winthrop sought to build a society that would be an example of Christian charity and collective moral virtue.